Anorectal abscess An anorectal abscess is a pus-filled cavity that most commonly develops from an infected anal crypt gland (cryptoglandular infection) following obstruction and bacterial overgrowth**.** The infection begins in the intersphincteris space and may spread upward, downward, and laterally…
Hidradenitis supprurativa Disease of the apocrine glands. Painful infection of apocrine glands (axilla in women and groin in men). Predilection to intertriginous regions (perineum, scrotum, labia, inframammary fold). Diagnosis is clinical.
Pilonidal Disease Pilonidal means “nest of hair”. Pilonidal disease refers to an abscess, cyst or sinus in the intergluteal cleft, often containing hair or other debris. They commonly occur along the posterior supreior gluteal cleft. Caused by hair becoming entrapped…
Rectal Prolapse (Procidentia) A rectal prolapse is an umbrella term that refers to the abnormal full-thickness protrusion of the rectum through the anus. It can be easy to confuse rectal prolapse with prolapsed haemorrhoids. One way to differentiate a rectal…
Anal fissure An anal fissure is a superficial tearing of the skin over the anal sphincter (anoderm). It is related to prolonged bouts of straining or child-birth (post-partum). Diagnosis is clinical, as fissures can be seen on examination by carefully…
Hemorrhoids Haemorrhoids are dilated submucosal veins within the internal or external anal canal that are usually inflamed or thrombosed. They usually occur at the 3 o’clock, 7 o’clock and 11 o’clock positions. A digital rectal examination is diagnostic for haemorrhoids.…
Testicular Cancer Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy affecting men aged 20 – 30 years. Most are germ cell tumours (>95%), of which there are two main types: seminomas and teratomas. Recent classification divides testicular cancer into seminoma (50%)…
Carcinoma of the Prostate Prostate cancer is an adenocarcinoma that is usually located in the peripheral zone of the prostate. It commonly spreads to bones and lymph nodes. Localized cancer is often asymptomatic since it develops in the periphery of…
Varicocele A varicocele is an abnormal enlargement and tortuosity of the pampiniform venos plexus due to proximal obstruction in the spermatic vein. Sarteschic grading of varicoceles Grade Varicosities Reflux Testicular hypertrophy Grade I No visible varicosity. Reflux is only provoked…
Hydrocele A hydrocele is an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in some part of the processus vaginalis (most commonly in the tunica vaginalis). It is closely related to indirect inguinal hernias and can be due to a patent processus vaginalis.…