Respiratory System

InCheat Sheets / Histology

Name the cell types of the olfactory epithelium and state their respective functions.
- Bipolar olfactory receptor cell – olfaction
- Supporting (sustentacular cells) – mechanical and metabolic support to receptor cells
- Basal cells – stem cells from which receptor and supporting cells regenerate
- Brush cells – general sensory cells
What is the function of Bowman’s glands
- They secrete serous fluids that act as a solvent for odoriferous substances. Thus constant flow from the glands washes away old scents and allows new scents to be detected as they arise.
What makes up the blood air barrier
- Surfactant
- Type I pneumocyte
- Fused basement membrane of Type I pneumocyte and endothelial cell
- Endothelial cell

What is a bronchopulmonary/ mucociliary escalator It is the coordinated sweeping of the mucus coat by cilia towards the pharynx
Describe the Proximal – distal changes in the respiratory tract
- Epithelium type: Simple Ciliated columnar cells → Simple squamous cells
- Goblet cells: Decrease in number up to the terminal bronchioles
- Ciliated cells: Reduce in number up to respiratory bronchioles. Are absent in alveoli
- Glands: Decrease in number up to respiratory bronchioles. Are absent in alveoli
- Hyaline cartilage: C-shaped rings in the extrapulmonary region. Disc shaped in the intrapulmonary region. Decrease in number proximo-distally. Absent in bronchiloes and alveoli
- Smooth muscles: Increase in number up to bronchioles. Absent in alveoli
What is the function of Clara cells
- Secrete surface active agent that prevents luminal adhesion during airway collapse
- Produce Clara secretory protein (CC16), which is used as a measurable pulmonary marker in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum
  - Bronchial levels of CC16 decrease in lung injury while serum levels increase
Name the cell types of the respiratory mucosa and their respective functions
- Ciliated columnar epithelium: Mucociliary clearance
- Goblet cells: Mucous production
- Brush cells: Sensory
- Kultchitsky cells: Enteroendocrine
- Basal cells: Stem cells
- Clara cells: produce Clara cell secretory protein (CC16) and a surface active agent that prevents luminal adhesion should the airway collapse during expiration
List the features of a bronchopulmonary segment
- Segmental bronchus
- A bronchial artery
- A pulmonary artery
- Veins and lymphatics draining along the periphery

Dr Jeffrey Kalei

Author and illustrator for Hyperexcision. Interested in emergency room medicine. I have a passion for medical education and drawing.

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Biochemistry

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone	P: <80 ng/L
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)	P: 5–35 U/L
Albumin	P: 35–50 g/L
Aldosterone	P: 100–500 pmol/L
Alkaline phosphatase	P: 30–130 U/L (adults)
α-Amylase	P: 0–180 IU/dL
α-Fetoprotein	S: <10 kU/L
Angiotensin II	P: 5–35 pmol/L
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)	P: 0.9–4.6 pmol/L
Aspartate transaminase	P: 5–35 U/L
Bicarbonate	P: 24–30 mmol/L
Bilirubin	P: 3–17 μmol/L
BNP	P: <50 ng/L
C-reactive protein	P: <10 mg/L
Calcitonin	P: <0.1 mcg/L
Calcium (ionized)	P: 1.0–1.25 mmol/L
Calcium (total)	P: 2.12–2.60 mmol/L
Chloride	P: 95–105 mmol/L
Cholesterol	P: <5.0 mmol/L
VLDL	P: 0.128–0.645 mmol/L
LDL	P: <2.0 mmol/L
HDL	P: 0.9–1.93 mmol/L
Cortisol	P: AM 450–700 nmol/L, Midnight 80–280 nmol/L
Creatine kinase (CK)	P: ♂ 25–195 U/L, ♀ 25–170 U/L
Creatinine	P: 70–100 μmol/L
Ferritin	P: 12–200 mcg/L
Folate	S: 2.1 mcg/L
FSH	P/S: 2–8 U/L ♂ (luteal); >25 U/L menopause
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase	P: ♂ 11–51 U/L, ♀ 7–33 U/L
Glucose (fasting)	P: 3.5–5.5 mmol/L
Growth hormone	P: <20 mu/L
HbA1C (DCCT)	B: 4–6%
HbA1C (IFCC)	B: 20–42 mmol/mol
Iron	S: ♂ 14–31 μmol/L, ♀ 11–30 μmol/L
Lactate	P: Venous 0.6–2.4 mmol/L, Arterial 0.6–1.8 mmol/L
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)	P: 70–250 U/L
Lead	B: <1.8 mmol/L
LH	P: 3–16 U/L (luteal)
Magnesium	P: 0.75–1.05 mmol/L
Osmolality	P: 278–305 mosmol/kg
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)	P: 0.8–8.5 pmol/L
Potassium	P: 3.5–5.3 mmol/L
Prolactin	P: ♂ <450 U/L, ♀ <600 U/L
PSA	P: 0–4 mcg/mL
Protein (total)	P: 60–80 g/L
Red cell folate	B: 0.36–1.44 μmol/L
Renin	P: Erect 2.8–4.5, Recumbent 1.1–2.7 pmol/mL/h
Sodium	P: 135–145 mmol/L
TBG	P: 7–17 mg/L
TSH	P: 0.5–4.2 mU/L
Thyroxine (T4)	P: 70–140 nmol/L
Free T4	P: 9–22 pmol/L
Total iron-binding capacity	S: 54–75 μmol/L
Triglycerides (fasting)	P: 0.50–2.3 mmol/L
Triiodothyronine (T3)	P: 1.2–3.0 nmol/L
Troponin T	P: <0.1 mcg/L
Urate	P: ♂ 210–480 μmol/L, ♀ 150–390 μmol/L
Urea	P: 2.5–6.7 mmol/L
Vitamin B12	S: 0.13–0.68 nmol/L
Vitamin D	S: 50 nmol/L

Arterial Blood Gases

pH	7.35–7.45
PaCO₂	4.7–6.0 kPa
PaO₂	>10.6 kPa
Base excess	±2 mmol/L

Urine

Cortisol (free)	<280 nmol/24h
Hydroxyindole acetic acid	16–73 μmol/24h
Hydroxymethylmandelic acid	16–48 μmol/24h
Metanephrines	0.03–0.69 μmol/mmol creatinine
Osmolality	350–1000 mosmol/kg
17-Oxogenic steroids	♂ 28–30 μmol/24h, ♀ 21–66 μmol/24h
17-Oxosteroids (neutral)	♂ 17–76 μmol/24h, ♀ 14–59 μmol/24h
Phosphate (inorganic)	15–50 mmol/24h
Potassium	14–120 mmol/24h
Protein	<150 mg/24h
Protein/creatinine ratio	<3 mg/mmol
Sodium	100–250 mmol/24h

Haematology

WCC	4.0–11.0 ×10⁹/L
Red cell count	♂ 4.5–6.5 ×10¹²/L, ♀ 3.9–5.6 ×10¹²/L
Haemoglobin	♂ 130–180 g/L, ♀ 115–160 g/L
PCV / Haematocrit	♂ 0.4–0.54 L/L, ♀ 0.37–0.47 L/L
MCV	76–96 fL
MCH	27–32 pg
MCHC	300–360 g/L
RDW	11.6–14.6%
Neutrophils	2.0–7.5 ×10⁹/L (40–75%)
Lymphocytes	1.0–4.5 ×10⁹/L (20–45%)
Eosinophils	0.04–0.44 ×10⁹/L (1–6%)
Basophils	0–0.10 ×10⁹/L (0–1%)
Monocytes	0.2–0.8 ×10⁹/L (2–10%)
Platelet count	150–400 ×10⁹/L
Reticulocyte count	0.8–2.0% / 25–100 ×10⁹/L
ESR	Depends on age
Prothrombin time	10–14 s
APTT	35–45 s

Paediatric

Pulse Rate (beats per minute)
Neonate (<1 month)	140–160
Infant (<1 year)	120–140
1–5 years	110–130
5–12 years	80–120
>12 years	70–100
Temperature
Normal range	36.6–37.2 °C
38.0 °C	Fever (infant)
38.5 °C	Fever (>3 months)
Respiratory Rate (tachypnoea)
Neonate (0–2 months)	≥60 breaths/min
2–12 months	≥50 breaths/min
1–5 years	≥40 breaths/min
>5 years	≥30 breaths/min
Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Term	65/45
1 year	75/50
4 years	85/60
8 years	95/65
10 years	100/70
Head Circumference
Term	35 cm ± 2
1 year	+1 cm/month
2–3 years	+2 cm/year
4–5 years	+1 cm/year
5 years	~53 cm
10 years	56–57 cm
Height
Term	52–55 cm
1 year	75 cm
2–12 years	6a + 77 cm
Weight Formulas
3–12 months	(a + 9)/2 kg
1–6 years	2a + 8 kg
>6 years	(7a − 5)/2 kg
Developmental Milestones
Social smile	1.5 months
Head control	4 months
Sits unsupported	7 months
Crawls	10 months
Stands unsupported	10–12 months
Walks	12–13 months
Talks	18 months
MUAC (6 months–5 years)
Obese	>17.5 cm
Normal	13.5–17.4 cm
At risk	12.5–13.4 cm
Moderate malnutrition	11.5–12.4 cm
Severe malnutrition	<11.5 cm
Blood Transfusion
Whole blood	20 mL/kg
pRBC	10 mL/kg
Formula	6 × (weight in kg) × Hb deficit
Normal Paediatric Lab Values
Haemoglobin (g/dL)	Hematocrit (%)
Term newborn: 13–20	40–58
1 month: 11–18	32–54
2 months: 10–15	28–44
1–2 years: 10–13	32–40
>2 years: 11–14	33–42
CSF WBC (/mm³)
Term newborn	0–25
>2 weeks	0–5

Dr Jeffrey Kalei

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