Viral Hepatitis
Viral hepatitis is a viral infection of the liver. It is most commonly caused by the hepatitis virus, but other viruses e.g. CMV, EBV and Yellow Fever can cause hepatitis. There are 5 types of hepatitis virus: Hepatitis A Virus…
Noma (Cancum Oris)
Noma Noma is a severe disfiguring gangrene of the mouth and face that begins as a gingival ulcer and spreads rapidly through the tissues of the mouth and face. Synonyms include cancrum oris and fusospirochetal gangrene. The word Noma originates…
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Trigeminal Neuralgia Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), also known as tic douloureux, is a chronic neurological condition characterised by sudden, severe facial pain. It is often described as a “lightning bolt” striking the face by patients. It involves the trigeminal nerve, as…
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Overview Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the malignant transformation of stratified squamous epithelium in the oral cavity. It occurs between the vermillion borders of the lips and the junction of the soft and hard palates. It is the most…
Basics of Dentistry
Overview *Review embryology, anatomy Dental History Dental Examination Investigations in Dentistry
Hypothermia and Shivering
Hypothermia Hypothermia is defined as a core body temperature of less than 36 degrees Celsius. Core body temperature can be measured in the nasopharynx, distal esophagus, tympanic membrane, and pulmonary artery. Skin is generally much cooler than core temperature. Mechanisms…
Post-operative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV)
Overview Post-operative Nausea and Vomiting is the leading cause of delayed discharge from PACU. Current recommendations are at least 2 prophylactic drugs for patients with at least 1 risk factor for PONV. Combinations should be with drugs that have a…
Intra-op Hypotension and Hypertension
Overview Blood pressure represents the force exerted by the circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. It is determined by cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). (MAP – SVR) = HR X SVR CO = HR X…
Massive Transfusion and Transfusion Reactions
Massive Transfusion Massive transfusion is defined as the administration of greater than 1 total blood volume (10 – 20 units of blood) in 24 hours or replacing 1/2 of the blood volume in < 1 hour *(*about 5 – 10…