Anorectal Conditions

Overview Above the dentate line Below the dentate line Origin Hindgut (Endoderm) Cloaca (Ectoderm) Epithelium Simple columnar Non-keratinizing stratified squamous Arterial supply Superior rectal artery br. IMA Inferior rectal artery br. of internal pudendal Venous drainage Internal hemorrhoidal plexus →…

Stoma

Stoma A stoma is an opening from a hollow viscus connecting it to the skin surface. “Stoma” = opening. “Ostomy” = surgical creation of an artificial opening. Ostomy is performed when it is unwise to restore/maintain the continuity of intestines.…

Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Gastrointestinal Bleeding Primary Symptoms Differentials Hematemesis or Melena Ruptured Oesophageal varices, Dieulafoys’s lesion, PUD, Meckel’s diverticulum, Gastric or esophageal cancer, Mallory-Weiss tear, Celiac disease, Esophagitis, Gastritis, Aortoenteric fistula Hematochezia Diverticulosis, Angiodysplasia, Intussusception, Colon cancer, Hemorrhoids, IBD, Ischemic colitis, Infectious diarrhoea…

Ventral Hernias

Incisional hernia An incisional hernia is the herniation of abdominal contents through a “healed” surgical incision. A complication of abdominal surgery. Dx is clinical. It is not the same as wound evisceration (where abdominal contents are completely expelled without a…

Inguinofemoral Hernias

Overview The inguinal canal is a tubular structure 3 – 5 cm long running parallel to the inguinal ligament. Men have a higher risk of developing hernias than women. The most common type of inguinal hernia in both men and…

Hernias

Overview A hernia is an abnormal protrusion of an organ or the fascia of an organ outside the cavity that normally contains. It occurs through a defect in the surrounding tissue structure (the hernial orifice). Protrusion of intra-abdominal contents usually…

Acute Scrotum

Acute Scrotum An acute scrotum is defined as sudden onset pain or swelling or tenderness of the scrotum or its contents Differentials for scrotal swelling Characteristic of the swelling Differentials Swelling on the scrotum Sebaceous cyst Painful swelling in the…