Overview Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by raised, red, itchy, scaly plaques on the skin. It is caused by an abnormal T-cell-mediated immune response. T-cells release cytokines which leads to keratinocyte proliferation. 10-15% of cases are…
Overview Atopic dermatitis AKA eczema is a chronically relapsing, pruritic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by papules and vesicles on an erythematous base, eczematous lesions, xerosis (dry skin) and lichenification (thickening of skin and accentuated skin markings). It is caused by…
Overview Joint pain is a common presentation across different demographics and can present as: Term Definition Arthralgia Pain that is at the joint or referred to the joint; muscle, tendon, bone e.g. enthesistis Arthritis Inflammation of the joint structure (a…
Motor Neuron Disease (MND) Motor Neuron Diseases (MNDs) are neurodegenerative diseases characterised by progressive selective loss of upper motor neurons (motor cortex and cranial nerve nuclei) and lower motor neurons (anterior horn cells). The diseases are purely motor with sensation…
Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is a heterogeneous group of conditions characterised by immune-mediated destruction of peripheral nerves (cranial nerves can be involved as well). Acute paralysis and diminished tendon reflexes are hallmarks of the condition. GBS is a…
Overview This is an infection of the kidney parenchyma that can be organ and/or life threatening and leads to scarring of the kidney. Complicated infection occurs in the following situations: Etiology Infection may have either: Clinical Presentation History The classic…
Nephrotic Syndrome Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms indicating damage to the glomerular basement membrane and the podocytes. With most of the injury focusing on the podocytes. It is characterised: The causes of nephrotic syndrome can be…
Nephritic syndrome Nephritic syndrome is an inflammatory process that is defined as the presence of one or more of the following: Causes can be divided into infectious and non-infectious causes. Non-infectious causes can be further classified into primary causes and…
Overview Glomerular diseases affect the filtering units of the kidney, the glomeruli. They presents with proteinuria, hematuria or both and is usually diagnosed on a renal biopsy. They account for a significant proportion of acute and chronic kidney disease and…
Assessment of a patient with newly diagnosed diabetes Look for evidence of: Routine Review of a known DM patient