A 10-year-old male presents with a 2-month history of swelling of the left scrotum. The swelling has been increasing in size, but is not associated with pain, trauma, fever or urinary symptoms. On examination, the left hemiscrotum is enlarged, non-tender,…
A 36-year-old woman, Para 0 + 1, presents with a 10-year history of inability to conceive despite regular unprotected coitus and a 2-year history of heavy menstrual bleeding. Q1. Define infertility? Q2. What are the differentials for infertility in women?…
A 32-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after a motorbike accident. He reports severe pain in the left knee and inability to bear weight. On inspection, there is gross swelling and deformity of the knee joint. The leg…
Adnexal torsion occurs when the ovary, fallopian tube, or a paraovarian mass twists around itself. It is an emergency that is characterised by vascular congestion, tissue oedema, and necrosis.
Abnormal uterine bleeding is defined as menstrual blood loss (MBL) that interferes with physical, social, and mental quality of life, irrespective of the regularity, frequency, or duration (NICE) Non-menstrual bleeding (postcoital, intermenstrual or post-menopausal bleeding) always warrants further investigation and early referral to…
Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menses for at least 12 months, following the loss of ovarian activity. Symptoms of menopause are due to low oestrogen levels, and these are mainly psychological symptoms, vasomotor symptoms and urogenital symptoms. Urogenital symptoms worsen with age, while vasomotor…
Gonorrhoeal and chlamydial infection cannot be differentiated on physical examination Gonorrhoea vs Chlamydia Gonorrhoea Chlamydia Symptoms Asymptomatic, itching or burning Asymptomatic, itching or burning Physical exam Mucupurulent discharge, cervicitis, motion tenderness Mucupurulent discharge, cervicitis, motion tenderness Investigations NAAT NAAT Treatment…
Instrumental Delivery Instrumental delivery, AKA operative vaginal delivery, refers to the use of suction cups or forceps to assist vaginal delivery in the second stage of labour. The procedure is carried out by an experienced obstetrician with facilities for caesarean…
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum (mainly in Africa) and Plasmodium vivax (mainly in Asia). Pregnant women are more susceptible to malaria due to immunologic changes and placental sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Primigravidas have a higher prevalence of placental malaria, especially in areas with stable transmission, i.e. endemic regions. Population…
Obstructed labour is when the presenting part fails to descend despite strong uterine contractions. It is an obstetric emergency. Diagnosis of obstructed labour Component required for diagnosis Features Prolonged labour More than 12 – 24 hours of labour with strong, frequent…
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