Overview The vagina is a cylindrical tube that runs from the cervix to the vulva. Rugae provide a stretching probability which is useful during childbirth. Vaginal Foreign Body Something in the vagina that is not supposed to be there. Commonly…
Overview Vulvar carcinoma (squamous cell) can occur anywhere from the mons pubis to the perianal region. It is rare (3-5% of gynaecologic cancers). The incidence of Vulvar Carcinoma in Situ (VCIS) has increased by 411% between 1973 to 2000 due…
Anatomy of the Vulva Epidermal Inclusion Cyst Epidermal inclusion cysts are caused by the proliferation of epidermal cells within a circumscribed area of the dermis which results in plugging of a pilosebaceous unit. It is AKA epidermoid cyst or sebaceous…
Overview Disorder Features Management Lichen simplex chronicus Thickened, discolored epithelium caused by chronic scratching. Leathery appearance. Medium-potency corticosteroid (Betamethasone) Lichen sclerosis Symmetric thinning of labial skin (cigarette paper or parchment-like), distortion of normal anatomy and/or adhesions Biopsy, High-potency corticosteroid (Clobetasol)…
Overview Sympathetic outflow works to favor relaxation of the bladder (reduces intravesicular pressure) and constriction of the neck and urethra (increases intraurethral pressure) favoring urinary retention. Parasympathetic outflow stimulates contraction (raises intravesicular pressure) favoring voiding. Normal bladder post-void residual is…
Overview Infertility is the inability of a couple to conceive with regular intercourse (3-4 times per week) and in the absence of contraception after 12 months in women < 35 years and 6 months in women > 35 years. Infertility…
Intrauterine contraception (IUDs) Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS, Mirena): may be left upto 5 years Copper T380 A IUD (Paragard T380): may be left in for up to 10 years Progestin implants Etonorgestrel subdermal implant (Implanon, Nexplanon): single-rod progestin implant, placed…
The Menstrual Cycle The typical menstrual cycle varies from woman to woman, as well as at various points in her life. By convention, the first day of menstrual bleeding is designated as day 1 of the menstrual cycle. The super…
Overview Diarrhoea is defined as increased volume or frequency of stool, generally of a more liquid consistency Has a number of causes. Most are idiopathic The most important first step in managing a patient with diarrhea is to assess the…
Overview Asphyxia is a lack of oxygen or an excess of carbon dioxide in the body usually caused by interruption of breathing or insufficient oxygen supply. It stems from the greek word ‘Asphyxua’ which means ‘a lack of pulsation’. In…