Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy Bacterial vaginosis is the most common lower genital tract infection in women of reproductive age. It is caused by Gardnerella vaginalis. The exact mechanism is unknown, but it likely due to disturbance of the vaginal flora.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in pregnancy UTI in pregnancy is commonly caused by an ascending infection of the urinary tract from existing gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract flora. It is defined as the presence of ≥ 100,000 organisms/mL of urine if…
Group B Streptococcal (GBS) Colonization Group B strep aka Streptococcus agalactiae is a gram positive commensal bug of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract in up to 30% of asymptomatic adults – hence the need for universal screening for GBS in…
Shoulder dystocia Shoulder dystocia occurs when there is impaction of the anterior shoulder behind the maternal pubic symphisis. It is an obstetric emergency A diagnosis of shoulder dystocia can be made when the body fails to delivery within 1 minute…
Cord Polapse Umbilical cord prolapse is protrusion of the umbilical cord ahead of or alongside the presenting part of the fetus. Cord prolapse is a serious obstetric emergency**,** especially when it is visible (overt prolapse). The most common cause is…
Perineal laceration and Episiotomy Obstetric lacerations are injuries to the perineum during vaginal delivery. Lacerationa sre common, and usually occur spontaneously. They are classified according to their extent. Grading of perineal lacerations Tear Extent First degree Perineal mucosa only Second…
Preterm labor and Preterm Birth Preterm labor is defined as the onset of contractions and cervical changes between 24-37 weeks of pregnancy or weight less than 2500g in an unknown duration of pregnancy. Definition of terms Term Definition Preterm <…
Overview The management of preterm prelabour rupture of membranes and prelabour rupture of membranes depends on weighing the risk of fetal neonatal complications, whether the patient is in labor or not, evidence of sepsis, and the prospect of fetal survivial…
Placenta accreta spectrum Placenta accreta is a condition whereby the placenta attatches too deeply into the uterine wall. It is characterized by obliteration of Nitabuch’s fibrinoid layer, which acts as a barrier to trophoblastic invasion beyond the decidua. The principles…
Vasa previa Vasa previa is a very rare condition where the fetal placental vessels cross the internal cervical os. It can be easily diagnosed via ultrasound with a color doppler.