Nephrology Comprehensive Quiz

Nephrology Comprehensive Quiz

Test your knowledge on Nephrology by answering the questions provided in this quiz.

A 25 year old male presents with painless hemtauria. His family history is significant for hematuria and hearing loss. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Bladder cancer

Alport syndrome

IgA nephropathy

Polycystic kidney disease

None

A 65-year old patient with chronic kidney disease has been undergoing hemodialysis for 6 years. What is she likely to die from?

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Hyperkalemia

Malignancy

Dialysis related sepsis

Ischemic heart disease

None

A 34 year old man presents to the emergency department with progressive abdominal pain localized to the left flank and radiating to his groin. He had no similar pain previously and is fit and well. Physiscal examination is unremarkable. What is the most suitable initial management?

Intramuscular diclofenac 75 mg

Intramuscular morphine 5 mg

Intramascular dicolfenac 75 mg and begin bendroflumethiazinde to prevent further episodes

Oral co-amoxiclav and metronidazole

Oral ciprofloxacin

None

A 65 year old male with a history of hypertension presents with oliguria and a serum creatinine of 3.2mg/dL (baseline 1.1mg/dL). Urinalysis shows muddy brown casts. What is the most likely cause of his condition?

Post-renal obstruction

Pre-renal azotemia

Acute interstitial nephritis

Acute tubular necrosis

None

Which of the following is a potential aetiology for ischemic acute renal failure?

Increased leukocyte adhesion within the glomerulus

Increased glomerular vasoconstriction in response to elevated endothelin levels

Apoptosis and necrosis of tubular cells

All of the above

None

A 40 year old woman presents with sudden onset, severe flank pain raditaing to the groin. A non-contrast CT scan confirms a 6mm stone in the ureter. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

Surgical removal of the stone

Start tamsulosin and increase oral fluids

Initiate hemodialysis

Admit for IV antibiotics and pain control

None

A 6 year old boy is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome. A presumptive diagnosis of minimal change disease is made. What is the most appropriate treatment?

Cyclophosphamide

Prednisolone

Renal biopsy then prednisolone

Albumin infusion

Plasma exchange

None

Which of the following statements regarding the assessment of proteinuria in patients with chronic kidney disease is incorrect?

An ACR of 30mg/mmol is approximately equal to a PCR of 50 mg/mmol

An ACR sample is collected over 24 hours

Women typically have higher ACR values

Albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) is more sensitive than protein:creatinine ratio (PCR)

An ACR of 3.9 mg/mmol in a diabetic man is clinically significant

None

A biopsy of the kidney shows linear deposits of IgG deposits along the glomerular basement membrane on immunofluorescence. What is the most likely diagnosis?

10.

A 45 year old patient with a family history of kidney disease presents for evaluation. Imaging reveals multiple bilateral kidney cysts. Which of the following is the most common extra-renal manifestation of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)?

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Pancreatic cysts

Hepatic cysts

Mitral valve prolapse

None

11.

A 24-year-old man has a sister with adult polycystic kidney disease. He asks you if he should be screened for the disease. What is the most appropriate screening test?

Anti-polycystin 1 antibody levels

Urine microscopy

CT abdomen

Ultrasound of the abdomen

PKD1 gene testing

None

12.

Which of the following is the most specific indicator of CKD progression?

Serum creatinine

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)

Blood urea nitrogen

Proteinuria

None

1 out of 12

Test	Reference Range
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)	10–40 U/L
Albumin (adults)	3.5–5 g/dL
Albumin (young children)	3.4–4.2 g/dL
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP, adults)	30–120 IU/L
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP, children)	150–420 IU/L
Ammonia	15–45 mcg/dL
Amylase	27–131 U/L
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)	10–30 U/L
Bilirubin, direct	0.1–0.3 mg/dL
Bilirubin, total	0.3–1.2 mg/dL
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN, adults)	8–23 mg/dL
Calcium, ionized	4.6–5.1 mg/dL
Calcium, total serum	8.2–10.2 mg/dL
Carbon dioxide (venous, CO₂)	22–28 mEq/L
Chloride (Cl)	96–106 mEq/L
C-reactive protein (CRP)	0.08–3.1 mg/L
Creatinine kinase (CK)	40–150 U/L
Creatinine, serum (adults)	0.6–1.2 mg/dL
Creatinine, serum (children)	0.2–0.7 mg/dL
Creatinine clearance (CrCl)	75–125 mL/minute/1.73 m²
Ferritin	15–200 ng/mL
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase	2–30 U/L
Glucose, serum	70–110 mg/dL
Hemoglobin A1C	4%–7%
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)	100–200 U/L
Lipase	31–186 U/L
Magnesium	1.3–2.1 mEq/L
Osmolality, serum	275–295 mOsm/kg
Phosphorus (adults)	2.3–4.7 mg/dL
Phosphorus (children)	3.7–5.6 mg/dL
Potassium	3.5–5.0 mEq/L
Prealbumin	19.5–35.8 mg/dL
Sodium	136–142 mEq/L
Uric acid, serum	4–8 mg/dL

Test	Reference Range
Hematocrit (Hct, men)	42%–50%
Hematocrit (Hct, women)	36%–45%
Hemoglobin (Hgb, men)	14–18 g/dL
Hemoglobin (Hgb, women)	12–16 g/dL
International normalized ratio (INR)	0.9–1.1
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)	26–34 pg/cell
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)	33–37 g/dL
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)	80–100 fL/cell
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)	25–40 seconds
Platelet count (Plt)	150,000–350,000 cells/mm³
Prothrombin time (PT)	10–13 seconds
Red blood cell count (RBC, men)	4.5–5.9 × 10⁶ cells/mm³
Red blood cell count (RBC, women)	4.1–5.1 × 10⁶ cells/mm³
Reticulocyte count	0.5%–1.5%
White blood cell count (WBC)	4.5–11.0 × 10³ cells/mm³

Test	Reference Range
Total cholesterol (desirable)	< 200 mg/dL
HDL cholesterol (desirable)	≥ 60 mg/dL
LDL cholesterol	< 100 mg/dL
Triglycerides (TG)	< 150 mg/dL

Test	Arterial Range	Venous Range
pH	7.35–7.45	7.31–7.41
PCO₂	35–45 mm Hg	40–52 mm Hg
PO₂	80–100 mm Hg	30–50 mm Hg
Oxygen saturation (SaO₂)	> 90%	60%–75%
Bicarbonate (HCO₃)	22–26 mEq/L	21–28 mEq/L

Test (qualitative)	Result
Leukocyte esterase, nitrite, etc.	Negative
pH	4.5–8.0
Specific gravity	1.010–1.025